
波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那(:Bosna i Hercegovina/Босна и Херцеговина),简称波黑 ,有時亦簡稱為波士尼亞(:Bosna/Босна),是欧洲東南部西部的多山國家,首都。波黑為組成原的六個社會主義共和國(即)之一,于1990年代,时期獨立,並且根據《. Bosnia and Herzegovina (: Bosna i Hercegovina, Босна и Херцеговина), sometimes known as Bosnia-Herzegovina and as Bosnia, is a country in , situated on the . It borders to the east, to the southeast, and to the north and southwest. In the south it has a 20 kilometres (12 miles) long coast on the [pdf]
Today, they are operated by the Railways of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ŽFBiH) in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and by Republika Srpska Railways (ŽRS) in Republika Srpska. The Bosnian communications market was fully liberalised in January 2006.
At the Gates of the East: British Travel Writers on Bosnia and Herzegovina from the Sixteenth to the Twentieth. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0880334709.
The third level of Bosnia and Herzegovina's political subdivision is manifested in cantons. They are unique to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity, which consists of ten of them. Each has a cantonal government, which is under the law of the Federation as a whole.
The most important of these levels is the division of the country into two entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina covers 51% of Bosnia and Herzegovina's total area, while Republika Srpska covers 49%.
Higher education has a long and rich tradition in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The first bespoke higher-education institution was a school of Sufi philosophy established by Gazi Husrev-beg in 1531. Numerous other religious schools then followed. In 1887, under the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a Sharia law school began a five-year program. [ 238 ]
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article " Bosnia and Herzegovina ".

Elektroprivreda BiH or JP Elektroprivreda Bosne i Hercegovine d.d. (English: Public Enterprise Electric Utility of Bosnia and Herzegovina; abbr. EPBiH) is a Bosnian public electric utility company with headquarters in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. . Elektroprivreda BiH was established on 30 August 1945 as the Electric Utility Company of Bosnia and Herzegovina ". . The company is the largest electric utility company in , and as such part of the largest country's energy concern EPBiH Concern. Elektroprivreda BiH is a joint stock company in which 90% of the capital is o. . Electric utility activities for the company are: • generation and distribution of electricity,• supply of electricity,• trading, representation and mediation on the local electricity market,. . • • • . • [pdf]
Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), a country of around 3.5 million people, is currently a net exporter of electricity – the only one in the Western Balkans. More than half of its electricity generation capacity is made up of hydropower, while the remainder is made up of five lignite power plants.
The scope of its work was electricity transmission, and design, construction, maintenance and development of the transmission system in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This was the first time that the electricity transmission in Bosnia and Herzegovina was organized as a specific electric power activity.
This was the first time that the electricity transmission in Bosnia and Herzegovina was organized as a specific electric power activity. The first significant core of 110 kV network in Bosnia and Herzegovina was formed in 1954. It comprised the network of 110 kV overhead power line whose length was 480 km and 5 transformer substations of 110/35 kV.
To boost energy efficiency and energy savings, it also needs to cap primary energy consumption at 6.5 Mtoe and final energy consumption at 4.34 Mtoe by 2030. In mid-2023 Bosnia and Herzegovina published a draft National Energy and Climate Plan.
Bosnia and Herzegovina could do a lot more to use energy efficiently. Electricity prices are kept artificially low and there is therefore limited incentive to make savings. The country is almost four times as energy-intensive as the average in EU countries and has the highest energy intensity in the Western Balkans.
Bosnia and Herzegovina does not have its own natural gas extraction so it is dependent on the Beregovo – Horgos – Zvornik import route from Russia via Ukraine, Hungary and Serbia. Gas use in the country is limited by the distribution network which is only present in Sarajevo, Zenica, Zvornik and Visoko.

The Energy in Russia is an area of the national economy, science, and technology of the Russian Federation, encompassing energy resources, production, transmission, transformation, accumulation, distribution, and consumption of various types of energy. Energy consumption across Russia in 2020 was 7,863 TWh.. . Russia has been widely described as an . It has the world's largest , the second-largest , the eighth-largest , and the largest in Europe. Russia is also a . Russia is the world's fourth largest electricity producer after China, the United States, and India. In 2020, Russia produced 1,085 TWh and. . Russian billionaires in energy by Forbes in 2013 included No 41 ($16.5 B), No 47 ($15.4 B), 52 . This article incorporates text from a work. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 (). Text taken from . Russia is rich in energy resources. Russia has the largest known reserves of any state on earth, along with the second largest reserves, and the eighth largest reserves. This is 32% of world proven natural gas reserves (23% of the probable reserves),. . • • • • • • [pdf]
The Energy in Russia is an area of the national economy, science, and technology of the Russian Federation, encompassing energy resources, production, transmission, transformation, accumulation, distribution, and consumption of various types of energy. Energy consumption across Russia in 2020 was 7,863 TWh.
Russia's energy strategy prioritizes self-sufficiency in gasoline, so it tends to export minimal volumes. However, Russian refiners produced roughly double the diesel needed to satisfy domestic demand, and typically exported half their annual production, much of it to European markets.
Assessing the impacts of Russia's invasion of Ukraine on global oil and natural gas markets and energy security As a major producer and exporter of both oil and natural gas, Russia has a significant role in global energy markets. Russia's invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022 has potentially serious implications for international energy security.
y objectives.1 Energy plays a key part in both its economic and security strategies. Russia is the world’s second most resource-rich country in terms of combined oil and gas recoverable resources.2 In 2021, revenues from oil and gas accounted for 25 percent of Russian gross domestic product (GDP), and the governmen
Russia has oil and gas production facilities throughout the country, but the bulk of its fields are concentrated in western and eastern Siberia. China is the largest importer of Russian crude (making up 20% of Russian exports), but Russia exports a significant volume to buyers in Europe.
Russia is rich in energy resources. Russia has the largest known natural gas reserves of any state on earth, along with the second largest coal reserves, and the eighth largest oil reserves.
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